Do Film Trailers Lie To Us?

You must face the facts-- Movie trailers don't always tell the God's honest truth.

You must face the facts– Movie trailers don’t always tell the God’s honest truth.

Apologies for regular readers of this blog, but I plead the Holidays and work obligations for my derelictions from regular posting.

I’m delighted to report that our Trailer Audience Survey is ongoing, with participation buoyed and rising since the recent publication of this piece in HUFFPO by my colleague and co-researcher, Dr. Keith Johnston.

I’ve reprinted it below. I invite you to take our survey and contribute your experience, thoughts and opinions. Just follow the link in the article.

    Do trailers lie?

This is a familiar claim made by media commentators whenever new trailers are released or a new film/television programme/video game doesn’t quite live up to pre-release expectations. Recently, we’ve seen this debate in relation to Drive and a television trailer for the Jack Reacher film; in 2007, a trailer for BBC programme A Year with The Queen caused controversy for re-editing footage out of order to apparently show Queen Elizabeth II storming off during a photo shoot; meanwhile the trailers for films from The Graduate to Star Trek Into Darkness have been described as either giving too much away, or misleading audiences about plot points, characters or genre.

But what is often overlooked, or downright ignored, when such claims are made, is whether ‘real’ audiences feel misled, or lied to. Because, if audiences actually believe this, if they feel they are regularly being mis-sold or duped, then why does the trailer remain so incredibly popular? Why has it retained its prominence in marketing campaigns for almost a hundred years? Why do millions of people search for, and download, new trailers every day?

I’ve been researching trailers for over a decade now, and every year I expected someone to come out with a study that asked just those questions. I knew the film industry regularly ran focus groups to assess the effectiveness of early versions of trailers, but that such results were rarely publicised. I could see people on a variety of websites debating the merits of individual trailers, but these swung dramatically between positive and negative responses based on knowledge of the property in question. No one seemed to be talking to the people who exist between those poles, between industry audience and active online participant, the people who view trailers in cinema, on television, online, via mobile devices and who are, arguably, swayed by what they see.

In the end, faced with scant evidence of what audiences really think about trailers, my colleagues and I decided to just ask them ourselves. Ed Vollans (PhD student at the University of East Anglia), Dr Frederick Greene (a trailer writer and visiting assistant professor at UCLA) and I have begun a project called, rather obviously, the Trailer Audience Research Survey. While this project is intended to last for several years, and will feature different ways of talking with audiences about trailers, our first step is a broad audience survey.

If you’re interested in taking part, and giving us your opinion on the trailer, you can access the survey here. The more responses we get, the more we will understand what audiences really think about trailers, rather than relying on media hearsay and conjecture.

All going well, we’ll report back on the first results of our research later this year… ”

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CHEVROLET STINGRAY (2014) LAUNCH TRAILER: Movie Previews for Products

I was in the theater to see The Hunger Games: Catching Fire, when, prior to the movie trailers, the product “trailers” screen. I resisted the seductions of sound, image, sound and story for just long enough to register that the Chevrolet Stingray 2014 (the new Corvette) 1:33 commercial and the trailer for the Coca Cola Polar Bears’ Movie were performing virtuoso feats of advertising, positioning and awareness. Madison Avenue has taken a page from the Hollywood Dream Merchants.

In this post, I consider the trailer component of the expensive and expansive campaign for the gorgeous (and oddly affordable) American legacy supercar. While the decision to sell an automobile with a commercial that looks as if it were advertising a movie is not unprecedented, it is notable rare. Ordinarily, the situations, characters and conflicts of a commercial for a non-media product terminate with the realization of the concept, the pitch, the gag or the anticipated emotion. While they may be episodic and complex, commercials are not typically narrative, with its implication of plotting, coherence and a meaningful organization of events into a story, but rather scenic and anecdotal.

Given that story telling has recently been (re)discovered by artists, marketers, politicians and branders as the royal road to engagement and persuasion, it is not surprising to find an imaginary film narrative mobilized to promote and sell an exemplary object of masculine consumer desire–a Corvette in this case, the sine qua non of American car fetishism). But in this latest instance of the current mania for narrativizing everything, I see not only smart marketing, but something symptomatic and compensatory about oue zeitgeist. The occasion also provides an oblique angle on trailer theory and practice, given the non-media product and the different relationships that obtains among audience, consumer and advertisement.

In this 93 second trailer, the following frame narrative is presented. In the moments, however, all is revealed to be a dream sequence. Nevertheless, there is a revealing persistence of characters and objects and desires between the waking and the dream state; the day’s residue has infiltrated the dream engine of unconsciousness.

As the trailer opens, an airplane in the shape of a Stingray (similar to the Stealth bomber) flies over and through an urban landscape at night (LA, presumably, given the appearance of the Library Tower), hunting an attractive young man (and audience surrogate) who flees on foot. Sheltering in a high-rise car park, he pulls up short as a beautiful, black patent-leather-clad woman strides toward him.

Approaching briskly, she, with an arch, sidelong glance of her eyes, transforms (in mechanical Transformers style, becoming machinic and folding up) into an electronic key fob that flies into his hand. The camera focuses on the Corvette logo in the protagonist’s palm as he, with amazed good sense, clicks it. He is suddenly surrounded and engulfed by the new Stingray which assembles itself around him out of the concrete floor.

Now driving, our protagonist plays cat and mouse through the city streets, pursued by the ominous, omni-directional stingray air-craft. Seeking shelter in a tunnel, he is compelled to reverse and drive backwards from his sanctuary when his predator enters at the opposite end. His (or perhaps the car’s?) next ploy is to pull beneath the tractor trailer of a passing 18 wheeler, which conceals the vehicle from view of the aircraft above. Notice that the car’s low profile is simultaneously underlined in a motivated and demonstrative manner.

After another feint or two, he throws the car into a power skid and leaps from the vehicle as it dis-assembles itself and disappears into a subterranean bay. When the protagonist steps forward to confront the approaching aircraft, it blasts him with a burst of blinding light.

He wakes with a start in a dimly lit bedroom. Arising, he circles past a beautiful, sleeping partner (the woman seen earlier in the dream), in order to peer out the window, where his Corvette Stingray sits innocently in the driveway. “Stir more than your unconscious/ The all new 2014 Chevrolet Corvette Stingray,” recommends the Voice Over artist. The trailer cuts to a card featuring the same copy above the Corvette logo, and so concludes.

At first view, I believed this to be a product-tie in for a new Batman film and I was confused because I didn’t think Mr. Affleck’s turn was scheduled before 2015 at least. The color palette, the Christian Bale lookalike actor/model, and the Batlike aircraft fooled me–but I don’t think unintentionally.

Indeed, the commercial owes debts to several films, notably Transformers (the transforming woman and car); Blade Runner (blue/grey palette, City Scape, hovering, futuristic aircraft, cyborg women) and just about any other action film with high-tech gadgets, urban car chases and CGI effect. But this dream world is also and explicitly, the terrain of the unconscious, as expressed in the V.O. and in the various physical impossibilities that confound and yet are assimilated by the protagonist.

Indeed, this commercial/trailer belongs to the cinema of desire, given the phallic symbolism of a sports car and the magical delivery of the gorgeous, threatening and in-human woman into the very hand of the astonished protagonist, the invaginating car and engulfing pavement. It’s both wish-fulfillment and castration trauma, a dream that’s both moist, feverish, confounding and frustrating: he’s inside a Stingray being chased by a stingray; resolution or satisfaction never arrives.

There is his futile attempt to find safety by penetrating deep into an urban tunnel, only to be chased out by a terrifying, probably castrating rival. His inverted and displaced desire is composed of representative moments from the “film” we will never see, starring a protagonist who is relived to learn that he and his new car are safe from the terrors of the nightmare, and that his sexual and automotive desires are proximate to satisfaction.

We, the movie trailer savvy audience, know better or as much as any trailer viewer can know: the “movie” for which this commercial is the trailer will probably defy his demand for safety, certainty, speed and release. It will be full of these “is it real? Is it a dream? Is he awake or dreaming” questions. It must defer satisfaction for 90 minutes (or so) of cinematographic foreplay.

Unwittingly –or not–the commercial producers have done more than imitate and reference film trailer formulae, editing and structure. They here exploit the logic of the trailer as the perfect film, without the consequent reality check of the actual film. If a trailer is the film you want to see, which will never let you down, this commercial on behalf of product that has no film-world correlate, is pure promise and proposition. There is no Corvette Stingray Movie to disappoint consumer expectations, and only a booby would complain that the car s/he bought wasn’t like the one s/he imagined in the advertisement. We graduates of American High School Driver’s Education curricula know that a video monitor is the next best thing to peering over the dashboard into oncoming traffic.

The positioning of the product — a highly desirable and technologically sophisticated and beautiful sports car–is achieved through a story that will never be resolved, but one which cunningly and effectively mobilizes spectacle, desire, action, danger, excitement, sex and fantasies of agency, if not control. Apparently, Corvette’s marketers have read the psychobiographic profiles of their target customers. Apparently, Corvette’s marketers have recognized and mobilized the unconscious art and paradox of the trailer.

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movietrailers101 by Fred Greene is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License

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ALL IS LOST Trailer: The Elemental Rhythm of Movie Marketing

Reviews for All Is Lost highlight the film’s paucity of dialogue. In this film about a lone American sailor struggling to survive in the vastness of the Indian ocean after his boat’s hull is punctured by an errant shipping container, there is simply no one for him to talk to. The film is winning critical plaudits for Robert Redford‘s non-verbal performance and the editing, cinematography and directing that conveys all the excitement, terror, isolation and drama of an existential battle without dialogue, monsters, CGI or human antagonists.

The trailer, in contrast, seems downright chatty: we hear Redford broadcasting a distress call – three times!– and screaming “help” twice at a distant freighter. Nevertheless, the excerpted scenes are notable for their human silence, the preponderance of ambient sound, the deliberateness and patience of Redford’s performance and the swell and contraction of the editorial rhythm.

Preferring graphic cards, rather than voice-over-artistry, All is Lost lays out its premise in three brief, redundant lines: “Alone at Sea/ A man has only himself/ And his will to survive.”

Many action trailers rely on a slow build toward a energetic climax typically presented via on screen action, volume, pacing, music cues and clipped dialogue. In this trailer, while the general tendency is toward a shorter interval between edit decisions, the shots breathe, the sequences seethe and the kinetic energy comes in waves.

Interestingly, the climactic drive toward the concluding image is achieved with words, conveyed through a succession of review “blurbs,” featuring the exceptionally strong critical reaction to the film and Redford’s work in it. Punctuation and superlatives tell us what to think and feel, as much as anything we see on screen. These white on black cards, intercut to scenes of the protagonist giving way to despair and physical agony, conclude in a sequence of (3) cards cut to an increasingly insistent bass chord, succeeded by an heroic image of Redford facing his fate. The film pulses rather than crescendoes.

Screen shot 2013-11-21 at 9.29.04 AM

The final image, prior to a cut to black, is of the life raft –seen earlier in the trailer in both packed and deployed status– as seen from above. Its stenciled label distills and revises the copy treatment in a very literal manner: What a man, alone at sea, has is only a “life raft” to survive.

The raft, however, is empty. Is this the achievement promised in the title? Has all been lost? Is this a tease, with Redford out of frame, doing the back stroke or spear fishing for his dinner? It’s an evocative and shocking image. Might this Hollywood movie terminate tragically? Has our protagonist perished?

For a trailer about a film set on the horizonless seas, it’s remarkable that most shots are medium or close rather than epic or establishing. This trailer engages the viewer in the intimate experience of the protagonist rather than marveling at the sublime power and threat of the sublime and terrible seas. The one notably long shot is at night, in which foreground (a flare being sent up) and background (a massive lighted container ship, passing in the distance) are telescoped into heart-aching proximity. Distance and context is denied, as when Redford consults a nautical map that the viewer can’t read or assimilate. We know even less where we are than the sailor.

There are 76 edits in the 2:23 minute trailer. That’s a pace more closely associated with drama than action adventure, a pace that subtly positions the film and its appeals to an audience. Serious acting is on offer here, shown in excerpted shots of Redford, his weathered skin and knowing countenance (animated by world-weary eyes) perform scenes needing no words to explain. Likewise, serious acting is described (and lauded) in the critical notices memorialized on the graphic cards.

The “quality” is driven home by the card that mentions Redford’s two academy awards; the art is visible in the deliberate and dignified control of his movement and gesture. Though there is significant action in the trailer and tension in the music cue and sound design, the trailer advertises a film that will involve you emotionally, as well as kinetically and viscerally.

Prompted to consider the final image at the behest of my friends at thefinalimage blog, I was struck by the verbal overdetermination of the message of the visual one: the final image of Redford’s circular life raft floating on a turquoise sea, shot from directly overhead. It’s a big orange “O,” a letter that both in its vocalization and in its graphic value signifies absence.

On the lips of the utterer, “O” opens a cavity into the mouth beyond; in psychoanalytic terms, its signifies (literally and figuratively) the introjection of the lost other into the self. The grieving mourner who stutters, “O…O…O” attempts the impossible preservation of the lost beloved through incorporation. It’s a symbolic rite of memorialization and immortalization and, of course, inarticulate (!) grief.

Here in the middle of the sea, the vacant raft tells the story of an absent and presumed dead–drowned or shark-eaten– hero. Audiences for the trailer, who have seen the movie and read about its fateful interaction between capitalist captain and the random destruction of a global system of production and distribution, will understand the big empty circle as ironic meta-commentary on unintended consequence. Even those who haven’t, can easily interpret this symbol.

At the more fundamental level of commercial reception, a viewer’s likely reaction to the empty raft might be “oh no”– an utterance that acknowledges this unwelcome resolution of our hero’s struggle in the same breath with which it denies it. While we might read the evidence as a spoiler, and criticize the trailer as a “tell all,” (because of the coherent and completed story arc that’s been presented), we may suspect that there is more to the plot than an extended futile struggle followed by agonizing, solitary and watery death.

The trailer dares you to read it according to the evidence, inviting you to see the film in order to confirm or disprove its devastating promise. Over and above the likely rewards of Redford’s performance, this is a compelling hook.

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movietrailers101 by Fred Greene is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License

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